аЯрЁБс>ўџ :<ўџџџ9џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅСo@ јПbjbj p p "(ooџџџџџџˆ       """" .ЖNLššššš:дш $SRЅЂB ђššђђB  ššWЬЬЬђ~ š šЬђЬЬф  фšB №ehTХ"pRфm0фGТGф    G ф$є`T ВЬ \b єєєBB"Т "Salter brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) G5 Brook trout once exhibited anadromous behavior in many streams of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, but few sea run populations remain and most continue to decline (Doucett et al. 1999 and refs therein). Brook trout are plentiful in many of the river systems and smaller streams that empty into the Gulf of Maine. Some of the trout in some of these seek salt water after the breeding season, to remain there over the winter. Sea run trout are indistinguishable from the ordinary brook trout anatomically. They are simply fish that have the habit of running down to salt water, and most of the trout never leave fresh water, even in streams offering free access to the sea, cold enough throughout their lengths, and harboring these "salters"(Gulf of Maine Research Institute). Life cycle Few authors agree on the specific mechanism that initiates anadromy or on the relatedness of resident and sea run brook trout in mixed populations; possible factors include environmental conditions, food availability, and density-dependent behavior. (Doucett et al. 1999 and refs therein). The trout that follow this habit grow much more rapidly on the abundant rations the salt estuaries provide than do most of their relatives that remain in the brook. Sea fish weigh from 1 to 3 pounds in streams where few of the fresh-water trout exceed half a pound. On Cape Cod the sea trout go down to salt water in November immediately after spawning, to winter there. They begin to run again in April, and all of them are in brackish or fresh water by mid-May. While in salt water (at least along Cape Cod) the trout feed chiefly crustaceans, mummichogs, and other small fish. Trout never stray far from the stream mouths (Gulf of Maine Research Institute). Viability Salters are still known from tributaries to Nantucket Sound, Buzzards and Narragansett bays but in much reduced numbers (Hartel et al 2002). Only a couple of small streams on the Massachusetts Bay side of the Cape still support a race of trout that run down to the sea regularly. One or two small brooks tributary to Ipswich Bay, and the Merriland River, emptying between Wells and Kennebunkport, Maine, are the only places between Cape Ann and Cape Elizabeth where sea run trout are known. Some of good size are caught in the Belfast River waters, tributary to upper Penobscot Bay. There are fish of this habit in a few streams (notably in Salmon River) on the north and west coasts of Nova Scotia, where many streams formerly held sea run trout that have been fished out long since (Gulf of Maine Research Institute). Results from a recent study of streams in the Maritimes and Quebec indicate that populations of anadromous brook trout were genetically river specific. However, at some sites sea run trout were genetically different from resident fish in the same river, while at others no differences were observed (Whoriskey, F., Atlantic Salmon Journal). In the Laval River, fish moved into coastal zones within 10 km of the river mouth, and spend extended periods of time in water <1 m deep. These fish showed hormonal profiles, enzyme activity, and gill morphological changes similar to smolting patterns of Atlantic salmon. On the Kennebecasis, trout never entered the estuary. These fish were found to have badly scarred gills, which may have prevented salt pumps in the gills from operating correctly, thus preventing the fish from entering or surviving in salt water. Ongoing work will examine whether salmon in the area exhibit the same gill injuries. The cause of the gill scarring is not known, but chemical exposure is suspected (Whoriskey, F., Atlantic Salmon Journal). Management There is some interest in this form, or race, of brook trout among fish enthusiasts such as Trout Unlimited chapters, as well as a small group of academics in eastern Canada. Many typical sources of conservation information, such as Natureserve and Fishbase, do not list this race as being of particular conservation concern, especially since the species, a top predator, is a significant threat to native species in areas where it has been introduced. It is possible to distinguish between anadromous and resident forms using stable isotope analysis, and to locate spawning areas of the anadromous form (Doucet et al. 1999), even where genetic differences are not found. Special protection for this interesting and declining “form” is warranted. The unusually large sea run fish have a particular following among recreational anglers, and a few streams, such as Red Brook on Cape Cod, are tourist attractions. Are fish currently protected as special populations? References: Doucet, R.R., W. Hooper, and G. Power. 1999. Identification of anadromous and nonanadromous adult brook trout and their progeny in the Tabusintac River, New Brunswick by mean of multiple-stable-isotope analysis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 128:278-288. Fishbase;  HYPERLINK http://www.fishbase.org http://www.fishbase.org Gulf of Maine Research Institute;  HYPERLINK http://octopus.gma.org/fogm/Salvelinus_fontinalis.htm http://octopus.gma.org/fogm/Salvelinus_fontinalis.htm Hartel, K.E, D.B. Halliwell, and A.E. Launer. 2002. Inland Fishes of Massachusetts. Massachusetts Audubon Society. Lincoln, MA. Natureserve;  HYPERLINK "http://www.natureserveexplorer.org/" http://www.natureserveexplorer.org  Frederick Whoriskey, Jr. Atlantic Salmon Journal Fall 2002 Vol. 51 No. 3.  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